J1900 Processor Benchmarks

Running pts/npb-1.2.0, pts/ffte-1.0.1, pts/hmmer-1.1.0, pts/mrbayes-1.2.0, pts/byte-1.2.0, pts/ttsiod-renderer-1.4.0, pts/primesieve-1.2.0, pts/sample-program-1.1.0 via the Phoronix Test Suite.

Compare your own system(s) to this result file with the Phoronix Test Suite by running the command: phoronix-test-suite benchmark 1603119-KH-1404270PL59
Jump To Table - Results

View

Do Not Show Noisy Results
Do Not Show Results With Incomplete Data
Do Not Show Results With Little Change/Spread
List Notable Results
Show Result Confidence Charts
Allow Limiting Results To Certain Suite(s)

Statistics

Show Overall Harmonic Mean(s)
Show Overall Geometric Mean
Show Wins / Losses Counts (Pie Chart)
Normalize Results
Remove Outliers Before Calculating Averages

Graph Settings

Force Line Graphs Where Applicable
Convert To Scalar Where Applicable
Disable Color Branding
Prefer Vertical Bar Graphs

Additional Graphs

Show Perf Per Core/Thread Calculation Graphs Where Applicable
Show Perf Per Clock Calculation Graphs Where Applicable

Multi-Way Comparison

Condense Multi-Option Tests Into Single Result Graphs

Table

Show Detailed System Result Table

Run Management

Highlight
Result
Toggle/Hide
Result
Result
Identifier
View Logs
Performance Per
Dollar
Date
Run
  Test
  Duration
Celeron J1900 Xubuntu
April 27 2014
 
i7-4700MQ
April 27 2014
 
Banana Pi M3
March 11 2016
 
Invert Behavior (Only Show Selected Data)
 

Only show results where is faster than
Only show results matching title/arguments (delimit multiple options with a comma):
Do not show results matching title/arguments (delimit multiple options with a comma):

Celeron J1900 Xubuntu

Processor: Intel Celeron J1900 @ 2.90GHz (4 Cores), Motherboard: ASRock Q1900B-ITX, Chipset: Intel ValleyView SSA-CUnit, Memory: 16384MB, Disk: 120GB GOODRAM C50, Graphics: Intel ValleyView Gen7 (854MHz), Audio: Intel ValleyView HD Audio, Network: Realtek RTL8111/8168/8411

OS: Ubuntu 14.04, Kernel: 3.15.0-031500rc2-generic (x86_64), Desktop: Xfce 4.10, Display Server: X Server 1.15.1, Display Driver: intel 2.99.911, OpenGL: 3.3 Mesa 10.2.0-devel (git-3a2885f trusty-oibaf-ppa), Compiler: GCC 4.8.2, File-System: ext4, Screen Resolution: 1920x1080

Compiler Notes: --build=x86_64-linux-gnu --disable-browser-plugin --disable-libmudflap --disable-werror --enable-checking=release --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-gnu-unique-object --enable-gtk-cairo --enable-java-awt=gtk --enable-java-home --enable-languages=c,c++,java,go,d,fortran,objc,obj-c++ --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --enable-multiarch --enable-nls --enable-objc-gc --enable-plugin --enable-shared --enable-threads=posix --host=x86_64-linux-gnu --target=x86_64-linux-gnu --with-abi=m64 --with-arch-32=i686 --with-arch-directory=amd64 --with-multilib-list=m32,m64,mx32 --with-tune=generic -v
Processor Notes: Scaling Governor: intel_pstate performance

i7-4700MQ

Processor: Intel Core i7-4700MQ @ 2.40GHz (8 Cores), Motherboard: MSI MS-1758, Chipset: Intel Xeon E3-1200 v3/4th, Memory: 16384MB, Disk: 120GB INTEL SSDSC2CT12 + 1000GB HGST HTS721010A9, Graphics: Intel HD 4600, Audio: Intel Xeon E3-1200 v3/4th, Network: Qualcomm Atheros AR8161 Gigabit + Realtek RTL8723AE PCIe Wireless

OS: Ubuntu 14.04, Kernel: 3.13.0-24-generic (x86_64), Desktop: KDE 4.13.0, Display Server: X Server 1.15.1, Display Driver: intel 2.99.911, OpenGL: 3.3 Mesa 10.2.0-devel (git-9339f8a trusty-oibaf-ppa), Compiler: GCC 4.8.2, File-System: ext4, Screen Resolution: 1920x1080

Compiler Notes: --build=x86_64-linux-gnu --disable-browser-plugin --disable-libmudflap --disable-werror --enable-checking=release --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-gnu-unique-object --enable-gtk-cairo --enable-java-awt=gtk --enable-java-home --enable-languages=c,c++,java,go,d,fortran,objc,obj-c++ --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --enable-multiarch --enable-nls --enable-objc-gc --enable-plugin --enable-shared --enable-threads=posix --host=x86_64-linux-gnu --target=x86_64-linux-gnu --with-abi=m64 --with-arch-32=i686 --with-arch-directory=amd64 --with-multilib-list=m32,m64,mx32 --with-tune=generic -v
Processor Notes: Scaling Governor: acpi-cpufreq ondemand

Banana Pi M3

Processor: ARMv7 rev 5 @ 1.61GHz (8 Cores), Motherboard: sun8i, Memory: 2048MB, Disk: 8GB 8WPD3R + 16GB SD16G

OS: Ubuntu 15.10, Kernel: 3.4.39-BPI-M3-aufs (armv7l), Desktop: MATE 1.10.2, Display Server: X Server 1.17.2, OpenGL: 2.1 Mesa 10.5.4, Compiler: GCC 5.2.1 20151010, File-System: aufs, Screen Resolution: 1920x1080

Compiler Notes: --build=arm-linux-gnueabihf --disable-browser-plugin --disable-libitm --disable-libquadmath --disable-sjlj-exceptions --disable-werror --enable-checking=release --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-gnu-unique-object --enable-gtk-cairo --enable-java-awt=gtk --enable-java-home --enable-languages=c,ada,c++,java,go,d,fortran,objc,obj-c++ --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --enable-multiarch --enable-multilib --enable-multilib --enable-nls --enable-objc-gc --enable-plugin --enable-shared --enable-threads=posix --host=arm-linux-gnueabihf --target=arm-linux-gnueabihf --with-arch-directory=arm --with-arch=armv7-a --with-default-libstdcxx-abi=new --with-float=hard --with-fpu=vfpv3-d16 --with-mode=thumb -v
Processor Notes: Scaling Governor: sunxi-iks interactive

J1900 Processor BenchmarksProcessorMotherboardChipsetMemoryDiskGraphicsAudioNetworkOSKernelDesktopDisplay ServerDisplay DriverOpenGLCompilerFile-SystemScreen ResolutionCeleron J1900 Xubuntui7-4700MQBanana Pi M3Intel Celeron J1900 @ 2.90GHz (4 Cores)ASRock Q1900B-ITXIntel ValleyView SSA-CUnit16384MB120GB GOODRAM C50Intel ValleyView Gen7 (854MHz)Intel ValleyView HD AudioRealtek RTL8111/8168/8411Ubuntu 14.043.15.0-031500rc2-generic (x86_64)Xfce 4.10X Server 1.15.1intel 2.99.9113.3 Mesa 10.2.0-devel (git-3a2885f trusty-oibaf-ppa)GCC 4.8.2ext41920x1080Intel Core i7-4700MQ @ 2.40GHz (8 Cores)MSI MS-1758Intel Xeon E3-1200 v3/4th120GB INTEL SSDSC2CT12 + 1000GB HGST HTS721010A9Intel HD 4600Intel Xeon E3-1200 v3/4thQualcomm Atheros AR8161 Gigabit + Realtek RTL8723AE PCIe Wireless3.13.0-24-generic (x86_64)KDE 4.13.03.3 Mesa 10.2.0-devel (git-9339f8a trusty-oibaf-ppa)ARMv7 rev 5 @ 1.61GHz (8 Cores)sun8i2048MB8GB 8WPD3R + 16GB SD16GUbuntu 15.103.4.39-BPI-M3-aufs (armv7l)MATE 1.10.2X Server 1.17.22.1 Mesa 10.5.4GCC 5.2.1 20151010aufsOpenBenchmarking.orgCompiler Details- Celeron J1900 Xubuntu: --build=x86_64-linux-gnu --disable-browser-plugin --disable-libmudflap --disable-werror --enable-checking=release --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-gnu-unique-object --enable-gtk-cairo --enable-java-awt=gtk --enable-java-home --enable-languages=c,c++,java,go,d,fortran,objc,obj-c++ --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --enable-multiarch --enable-nls --enable-objc-gc --enable-plugin --enable-shared --enable-threads=posix --host=x86_64-linux-gnu --target=x86_64-linux-gnu --with-abi=m64 --with-arch-32=i686 --with-arch-directory=amd64 --with-multilib-list=m32,m64,mx32 --with-tune=generic -v - i7-4700MQ: --build=x86_64-linux-gnu --disable-browser-plugin --disable-libmudflap --disable-werror --enable-checking=release --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-gnu-unique-object --enable-gtk-cairo --enable-java-awt=gtk --enable-java-home --enable-languages=c,c++,java,go,d,fortran,objc,obj-c++ --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --enable-multiarch --enable-nls --enable-objc-gc --enable-plugin --enable-shared --enable-threads=posix --host=x86_64-linux-gnu --target=x86_64-linux-gnu --with-abi=m64 --with-arch-32=i686 --with-arch-directory=amd64 --with-multilib-list=m32,m64,mx32 --with-tune=generic -v - Banana Pi M3: --build=arm-linux-gnueabihf --disable-browser-plugin --disable-libitm --disable-libquadmath --disable-sjlj-exceptions --disable-werror --enable-checking=release --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-gnu-unique-object --enable-gtk-cairo --enable-java-awt=gtk --enable-java-home --enable-languages=c,ada,c++,java,go,d,fortran,objc,obj-c++ --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --enable-multiarch --enable-multilib --enable-multilib --enable-nls --enable-objc-gc --enable-plugin --enable-shared --enable-threads=posix --host=arm-linux-gnueabihf --target=arm-linux-gnueabihf --with-arch-directory=arm --with-arch=armv7-a --with-default-libstdcxx-abi=new --with-float=hard --with-fpu=vfpv3-d16 --with-mode=thumb -v Processor Details- Celeron J1900 Xubuntu: Scaling Governor: intel_pstate performance- i7-4700MQ: Scaling Governor: acpi-cpufreq ondemand- Banana Pi M3: Scaling Governor: sunxi-iks interactive

Celeron J1900 Xubuntui7-4700MQBanana Pi M3Result OverviewPhoronix Test Suite100%429%759%1088%Sample Pi ProgramTimed HMMer SearchTimed MrBayes AnalysisPrimesieveNAS Parallel BenchmarksBYTE Unix Benchmark

J1900 Processor Benchmarksttsiod-renderer: Phong Rendering With Soft-Shadow Mappingfhourstones: Complex Connect-4 Solvingbyte: Dhrystone 2byte: Integer Arithmeticbyte: Register Arithmeticbyte: Floating-Point Arithmeticffte: N=64, 1D Complex FFT Routinenpb: BT.Anpb: EP.Cnpb: FT.Anpb: LU.Anpb: MG.Bnpb: SP.Ahmmer: Pfam Database Searchmrbayes: Primate Phylogeny Analysisprimesieve: 1e12 Prime Number Generationsample-program: Phoronix Test Suite v5.0.1Celeron J1900 Xubuntui7-4700MQBanana Pi M336.464258.376711136.331111437.15663.0551.651303.472186.681858.50539.6338.4785.40293.2215.93142.3110941.2029677989.801112336.62232.593614.987939.473440.761789.0512.0220.36103.723.273936677.03111625.40162.2732.45227.54580.97495.7469.4295.41147.191477.1132.10OpenBenchmarking.org

TTSIOD 3D Renderer

OpenBenchmarking.orgFPS, More Is BetterTTSIOD 3D Renderer 2.2zPhong Rendering With Soft-Shadow Mappingi7-4700MQCeleron J1900 Xubuntu306090120150SE +/- 0.66, N = 3SE +/- 0.02, N = 3142.3136.461. (CXX) g++ options: -O3 -fomit-frame-pointer -ffast-math -mtune=native -flto -msse -mrecip -mfpmath=sse -msse2 -mssse3 -lSDL -lstdc++

Fhourstones

OpenBenchmarking.orgKpos / sec, More Is BetterFhourstones 3.1Complex Connect-4 Solvingi7-4700MQCeleron J1900 Xubuntu2K4K6K8K10KSE +/- 110.79, N = 3SE +/- 0.69, N = 310941.204258.371. (CC) gcc options: -O3

BYTE Unix Benchmark

OpenBenchmarking.orgLPS, More Is BetterBYTE Unix Benchmark 3.6Computational Test: Dhrystone 2Banana Pi M3i7-4700MQCeleron J1900 Xubuntu6M12M18M24M30MSE +/- 57359.82, N = 3SE +/- 91407.19, N = 3SE +/- 91767.81, N = 33936677.0329677989.806711136.33

OpenBenchmarking.orgLPS, More Is BetterBYTE Unix Benchmark 3.6Computational Test: Integer ArithmeticBanana Pi M3i7-4700MQCeleron J1900 Xubuntu0.2250.450.6750.91.125SE +/- 0.00, N = 3SE +/- 0.00, N = 3SE +/- 0.00, N = 3111

OpenBenchmarking.orgLPS, More Is BetterBYTE Unix Benchmark 3.6Computational Test: Register ArithmeticBanana Pi M3i7-4700MQCeleron J1900 Xubuntu0.2250.450.6750.91.125SE +/- 0.00, N = 3SE +/- 0.00, N = 3SE +/- 0.00, N = 3111

OpenBenchmarking.orgLPS, More Is BetterBYTE Unix Benchmark 3.6Computational Test: Floating-Point ArithmeticBanana Pi M3i7-4700MQCeleron J1900 Xubuntu0.2250.450.6750.91.125SE +/- 0.00, N = 3SE +/- 0.00, N = 3SE +/- 0.00, N = 3111

FFTE

FFTE is a package by Daisuke Takahashi to compute Discrete Fourier Transforms of 1-, 2- and 3- dimensional sequences of length (2^p)*(3^q)*(5^r). Learn more via the OpenBenchmarking.org test page.

OpenBenchmarking.orgMFLOPS, More Is BetterFFTE 5.0Test: N=64, 1D Complex FFT RoutineBanana Pi M3Celeron J1900 Xubuntu30060090012001500SE +/- 0.11, N = 3SE +/- 0.10, N = 3625.401437.151. (F9X) gfortran options: -O3 -fomit-frame-pointer -fopenmp -pthread -lmpi_f90 -lmpi_f77 -lmpi -ldl -lhwloc

NAS Parallel Benchmarks

OpenBenchmarking.orgTotal Mop/s, More Is BetterNAS Parallel Benchmarks 3.3Test / Class: BT.ABanana Pi M3i7-4700MQCeleron J1900 Xubuntu5001000150020002500SE +/- 2.80, N = 6SE +/- 33.77, N = 4SE +/- 25.81, N = 6162.272336.62663.051. (F9X) gfortran options: -O3 -march=native -pthread -lmpi_f77 -lmpi -ldl -lhwloc2. Open MPI 1.6.5

OpenBenchmarking.orgTotal Mop/s, More Is BetterNAS Parallel Benchmarks 3.3Test / Class: EP.CBanana Pi M3i7-4700MQCeleron J1900 Xubuntu50100150200250SE +/- 0.08, N = 3SE +/- 3.17, N = 3SE +/- 0.03, N = 332.45232.5951.651. (F9X) gfortran options: -O3 -march=native -pthread -lmpi_f77 -lmpi -ldl -lhwloc2. Open MPI 1.6.5

OpenBenchmarking.orgTotal Mop/s, More Is BetterNAS Parallel Benchmarks 3.3Test / Class: FT.ABanana Pi M3i7-4700MQCeleron J1900 Xubuntu8001600240032004000SE +/- 19.11, N = 6SE +/- 43.69, N = 3SE +/- 2.74, N = 3227.543614.981303.471. (F9X) gfortran options: -O3 -march=native -pthread -lmpi_f77 -lmpi -ldl -lhwloc2. Open MPI 1.6.5

OpenBenchmarking.orgTotal Mop/s, More Is BetterNAS Parallel Benchmarks 3.3Test / Class: LU.ABanana Pi M3i7-4700MQCeleron J1900 Xubuntu2K4K6K8K10KSE +/- 14.13, N = 6SE +/- 259.66, N = 6SE +/- 1.99, N = 3580.977939.472186.681. (F9X) gfortran options: -O3 -march=native -pthread -lmpi_f77 -lmpi -ldl -lhwloc2. Open MPI 1.6.5

OpenBenchmarking.orgTotal Mop/s, More Is BetterNAS Parallel Benchmarks 3.3Test / Class: MG.BBanana Pi M3i7-4700MQCeleron J1900 Xubuntu7001400210028003500SE +/- 2.58, N = 3SE +/- 53.06, N = 3SE +/- 9.92, N = 3495.743440.761858.501. (F9X) gfortran options: -O3 -march=native -pthread -lmpi_f77 -lmpi -ldl -lhwloc2. Open MPI 1.6.5

OpenBenchmarking.orgTotal Mop/s, More Is BetterNAS Parallel Benchmarks 3.3Test / Class: SP.ABanana Pi M3i7-4700MQCeleron J1900 Xubuntu400800120016002000SE +/- 0.39, N = 3SE +/- 33.67, N = 3SE +/- 17.59, N = 669.421789.05539.631. (F9X) gfortran options: -O3 -march=native -pthread -lmpi_f77 -lmpi -ldl -lhwloc2. Open MPI 1.6.5

Timed HMMer Search

This test searches through the Pfam database of profile hidden markov models. The search finds the domain structure of Drosophila Sevenless protein. Learn more via the OpenBenchmarking.org test page.

OpenBenchmarking.orgSeconds, Fewer Is BetterTimed HMMer Search 2.3.2Pfam Database SearchBanana Pi M3i7-4700MQCeleron J1900 Xubuntu20406080100SE +/- 0.10, N = 3SE +/- 0.08, N = 3SE +/- 0.08, N = 395.4112.0238.471. (CC) gcc options: -O2 -pthread -lhmmer -lsquid -lm

Timed MrBayes Analysis

OpenBenchmarking.orgSeconds, Fewer Is BetterTimed MrBayes Analysis 3.1.2Primate Phylogeny AnalysisBanana Pi M3i7-4700MQCeleron J1900 Xubuntu306090120150SE +/- 0.77, N = 3SE +/- 0.27, N = 3SE +/- 0.21, N = 3147.1920.3685.40

Primesieve

OpenBenchmarking.orgSeconds, Fewer Is BetterPrimesieve 5.01e12 Prime Number GenerationBanana Pi M3i7-4700MQCeleron J1900 Xubuntu30060090012001500SE +/- 48.14, N = 3SE +/- 0.49, N = 3SE +/- 0.11, N = 31477.11103.72293.221. (CXX) g++ options: -O2 -fopenmp

Sample Pi Program

OpenBenchmarking.orgSeconds, Fewer Is BetterSample Pi ProgramPhoronix Test Suite v5.0.1Banana Pi M3i7-4700MQCeleron J1900 Xubuntu714212835SE +/- 0.56, N = 6SE +/- 0.02, N = 3SE +/- 0.01, N = 332.103.2715.93

Celeron J1900 Xubuntu

Processor: Intel Celeron J1900 @ 2.90GHz (4 Cores), Motherboard: ASRock Q1900B-ITX, Chipset: Intel ValleyView SSA-CUnit, Memory: 16384MB, Disk: 120GB GOODRAM C50, Graphics: Intel ValleyView Gen7 (854MHz), Audio: Intel ValleyView HD Audio, Network: Realtek RTL8111/8168/8411

OS: Ubuntu 14.04, Kernel: 3.15.0-031500rc2-generic (x86_64), Desktop: Xfce 4.10, Display Server: X Server 1.15.1, Display Driver: intel 2.99.911, OpenGL: 3.3 Mesa 10.2.0-devel (git-3a2885f trusty-oibaf-ppa), Compiler: GCC 4.8.2, File-System: ext4, Screen Resolution: 1920x1080

Compiler Notes: --build=x86_64-linux-gnu --disable-browser-plugin --disable-libmudflap --disable-werror --enable-checking=release --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-gnu-unique-object --enable-gtk-cairo --enable-java-awt=gtk --enable-java-home --enable-languages=c,c++,java,go,d,fortran,objc,obj-c++ --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --enable-multiarch --enable-nls --enable-objc-gc --enable-plugin --enable-shared --enable-threads=posix --host=x86_64-linux-gnu --target=x86_64-linux-gnu --with-abi=m64 --with-arch-32=i686 --with-arch-directory=amd64 --with-multilib-list=m32,m64,mx32 --with-tune=generic -v
Processor Notes: Scaling Governor: intel_pstate performance

Testing initiated at 27 April 2014 16:40 by user xubuntu.

i7-4700MQ

Processor: Intel Core i7-4700MQ @ 2.40GHz (8 Cores), Motherboard: MSI MS-1758, Chipset: Intel Xeon E3-1200 v3/4th, Memory: 16384MB, Disk: 120GB INTEL SSDSC2CT12 + 1000GB HGST HTS721010A9, Graphics: Intel HD 4600, Audio: Intel Xeon E3-1200 v3/4th, Network: Qualcomm Atheros AR8161 Gigabit + Realtek RTL8723AE PCIe Wireless

OS: Ubuntu 14.04, Kernel: 3.13.0-24-generic (x86_64), Desktop: KDE 4.13.0, Display Server: X Server 1.15.1, Display Driver: intel 2.99.911, OpenGL: 3.3 Mesa 10.2.0-devel (git-9339f8a trusty-oibaf-ppa), Compiler: GCC 4.8.2, File-System: ext4, Screen Resolution: 1920x1080

Compiler Notes: --build=x86_64-linux-gnu --disable-browser-plugin --disable-libmudflap --disable-werror --enable-checking=release --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-gnu-unique-object --enable-gtk-cairo --enable-java-awt=gtk --enable-java-home --enable-languages=c,c++,java,go,d,fortran,objc,obj-c++ --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --enable-multiarch --enable-nls --enable-objc-gc --enable-plugin --enable-shared --enable-threads=posix --host=x86_64-linux-gnu --target=x86_64-linux-gnu --with-abi=m64 --with-arch-32=i686 --with-arch-directory=amd64 --with-multilib-list=m32,m64,mx32 --with-tune=generic -v
Processor Notes: Scaling Governor: acpi-cpufreq ondemand

Testing initiated at 27 April 2014 19:10 by user piotr.

Banana Pi M3

Processor: ARMv7 rev 5 @ 1.61GHz (8 Cores), Motherboard: sun8i, Memory: 2048MB, Disk: 8GB 8WPD3R + 16GB SD16G

OS: Ubuntu 15.10, Kernel: 3.4.39-BPI-M3-aufs (armv7l), Desktop: MATE 1.10.2, Display Server: X Server 1.17.2, OpenGL: 2.1 Mesa 10.5.4, Compiler: GCC 5.2.1 20151010, File-System: aufs, Screen Resolution: 1920x1080

Compiler Notes: --build=arm-linux-gnueabihf --disable-browser-plugin --disable-libitm --disable-libquadmath --disable-sjlj-exceptions --disable-werror --enable-checking=release --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-gnu-unique-object --enable-gtk-cairo --enable-java-awt=gtk --enable-java-home --enable-languages=c,ada,c++,java,go,d,fortran,objc,obj-c++ --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --enable-multiarch --enable-multilib --enable-multilib --enable-nls --enable-objc-gc --enable-plugin --enable-shared --enable-threads=posix --host=arm-linux-gnueabihf --target=arm-linux-gnueabihf --with-arch-directory=arm --with-arch=armv7-a --with-default-libstdcxx-abi=new --with-float=hard --with-fpu=vfpv3-d16 --with-mode=thumb -v
Processor Notes: Scaling Governor: sunxi-iks interactive

Testing initiated at 11 March 2016 11:53 by user pi.