All Maxwell and various Kepler graphics cards tested on the NVIDIA Linux driver. Benchmarks by Michael Larabel for a future article on Phoronix.com just delivering various GPGPU benchmarks for reference purposes.
Processor: Intel Core i5-6600K @ 3.50GHz (4 Cores), Motherboard: MSI Z170A GAMING PRO (MS-7984) v1.0, Chipset: Intel Device 191f, Memory: 16384MB, Disk: 256GB TS256GSSD370S, Graphics: NVIDIA GeForce GTX 680 2048MB (1006/3004MHz), Audio: Intel Device a170, Network: Intel Device 15b8
OS: Ubuntu 14.04, Kernel: 3.19.0-33-generic (x86_64), Desktop: Unity 7.2.5, Display Server: X Server 1.17.1, Display Driver: NVIDIA 352.39, OpenGL: 4.3.0, Compiler: GCC 4.8.4 + Clang 3.4-1ubuntu3 + CUDA 7.5, File-System: ext4, Screen Resolution: 3840x2160
Compiler Notes: --build=x86_64-linux-gnu --disable-browser-plugin --disable-libmudflap --disable-werror --enable-checking=release --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-gnu-unique-object --enable-gtk-cairo --enable-java-awt=gtk --enable-java-home --enable-languages=c,c++,java,go,d,fortran,objc,obj-c++ --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --enable-multiarch --enable-nls --enable-objc-gc --enable-plugin --enable-shared --enable-threads=posix --host=x86_64-linux-gnu --target=x86_64-linux-gnu --with-abi=m64 --with-arch-32=i686 --with-arch-directory=amd64 --with-multilib-list=m32,m64,mx32 --with-tune=generic -v
Processor Notes: Scaling Governor: acpi-cpufreq performance
OpenCL Notes: GPU Compute Cores: 1536
System Notes: GPU Compute Cores: 1536.
Changed Graphics to eVGA NVIDIA GeForce GTX 750 1024MB (1019/2505MHz).
OpenCL Change: GPU Compute Cores: 512
System Change: GPU Compute Cores: 512.
Changed Graphics to NVIDIA GeForce GTX 760 2048MB (980/3004MHz).
OpenCL Change: GPU Compute Cores: 1152
System Change: GPU Compute Cores: 1152.
Changed Graphics to NVIDIA GeForce GTX 780 Ti 3072MB (875/3500MHz).
OpenCL Change: GPU Compute Cores: 2880
System Change: GPU Compute Cores: 2880.
Changed Graphics to eVGA NVIDIA GeForce GTX 950 2048MB (135/405MHz).
OpenCL Change: GPU Compute Cores: 768
System Change: GPU Compute Cores: 768.
Changed Graphics to eVGA NVIDIA GeForce GTX 960 2048MB (1277/3505MHz).
OpenCL Change: GPU Compute Cores: 1024
System Change: GPU Compute Cores: 1024.
Changed Graphics to eVGA NVIDIA GeForce GTX 970 4096MB (1163/3505MHz).
OpenCL Change: GPU Compute Cores: 1664
System Change: GPU Compute Cores: 1664.
Changed Graphics to NVIDIA GeForce GTX 980 4096MB (1126/3505MHz).
OpenCL Change: GPU Compute Cores: 2048
System Change: GPU Compute Cores: 2048.
Changed Graphics to NVIDIA GeForce GTX 980 Ti 6144MB (999/3505MHz).
OpenCL Change: GPU Compute Cores: 2816
System Change: GPU Compute Cores: 2816.
Changed Graphics to NVIDIA GeForce GTX TITAN X 12288MB (1001/3505MHz).
OpenCL Change: GPU Compute Cores: 3072
System Change: GPU Compute Cores: 3072.
Processor: 2 x Intel Xeon E5-2670 0 @ 3.30GHz (32 Cores), Motherboard: HP 158A, Chipset: Intel Xeon E5/Core, Memory: 16384MB, Disk: 500GB Samsung SSD 850 + 4001GB Seagate ST4000DM005-2DP1 + 500GB Seagate ST500DM002-1BD14, Graphics: eVGA NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1060 6GB, Audio: Realtek ALC262, Network: Intel 82579LM Gigabit Connection + Broadcom Limited BCM4360 802.11ac Wireless
OS: ManjaroLinux 17.0.5, Kernel: 4.9.53-1-MANJARO (x86_64), Desktop: KDE Frameworks 5, Compiler: GCC 7.2.0 + Clang 5.0.0 + CUDA 8.0, File-System: ext4, Screen Resolution: 800x600
Compiler Notes: --disable-libssp --disable-libstdcxx-pch --disable-libunwind-exceptions --disable-werror --enable-__cxa_atexit --enable-checking=release --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-default-pie --enable-default-ssp --enable-gnu-indirect-function --enable-gnu-unique-object --enable-install-libiberty --enable-languages=c,c++,ada,fortran,go,lto,objc,obj-c++ --enable-libmpx --enable-lto --enable-multilib --enable-plugin --enable-shared --enable-threads=posix --mandir=/usr/share/man --with-isl --with-linker-hash-style=gnu
Processor Notes: Scaling Governor: intel_pstate powersave
This is a CUDA benchmark of ATNF's ASKAP Benchmark with currently using the tConvolveCuda sub-test. Learn more via the OpenBenchmarking.org test page.
MandelbulbGPU is an OpenCL benchmark. Learn more via the OpenBenchmarking.org test page.
LuxMark is a multi-platform OpenGL benchmark using LuxRender / SLG2. LuxMark supports targeting different OpenCL devices and has multiple scenes available for rendering. LuxMark is a fully open-source OpenCL program with real-world rendering examples. Learn more via the OpenBenchmarking.org test page.
Processor: Intel Core i5-6600K @ 3.50GHz (4 Cores), Motherboard: MSI Z170A GAMING PRO (MS-7984) v1.0, Chipset: Intel Device 191f, Memory: 16384MB, Disk: 256GB TS256GSSD370S, Graphics: NVIDIA GeForce GTX 680 2048MB (1006/3004MHz), Audio: Intel Device a170, Network: Intel Device 15b8
OS: Ubuntu 14.04, Kernel: 3.19.0-33-generic (x86_64), Desktop: Unity 7.2.5, Display Server: X Server 1.17.1, Display Driver: NVIDIA 352.39, OpenGL: 4.3.0, Compiler: GCC 4.8.4 + Clang 3.4-1ubuntu3 + CUDA 7.5, File-System: ext4, Screen Resolution: 3840x2160
Compiler Notes: --build=x86_64-linux-gnu --disable-browser-plugin --disable-libmudflap --disable-werror --enable-checking=release --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-gnu-unique-object --enable-gtk-cairo --enable-java-awt=gtk --enable-java-home --enable-languages=c,c++,java,go,d,fortran,objc,obj-c++ --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --enable-multiarch --enable-nls --enable-objc-gc --enable-plugin --enable-shared --enable-threads=posix --host=x86_64-linux-gnu --target=x86_64-linux-gnu --with-abi=m64 --with-arch-32=i686 --with-arch-directory=amd64 --with-multilib-list=m32,m64,mx32 --with-tune=generic -v
Processor Notes: Scaling Governor: acpi-cpufreq performance
OpenCL Notes: GPU Compute Cores: 1536
System Notes: GPU Compute Cores: 1536.
Testing initiated at 11 November 2015 12:57 by user pts.
Processor: Intel Core i5-6600K @ 3.50GHz (4 Cores), Motherboard: MSI Z170A GAMING PRO (MS-7984) v1.0, Chipset: Intel Device 191f, Memory: 16384MB, Disk: 256GB TS256GSSD370S, Graphics: eVGA NVIDIA GeForce GTX 750 1024MB (1019/2505MHz), Audio: Intel Device a170, Network: Intel Device 15b8
OS: Ubuntu 14.04, Kernel: 3.19.0-33-generic (x86_64), Desktop: Unity 7.2.5, Display Server: X Server 1.17.1, Display Driver: NVIDIA 352.39, OpenGL: 4.3.0, Compiler: GCC 4.8.4 + Clang 3.4-1ubuntu3 + CUDA 7.5, File-System: ext4, Screen Resolution: 3840x2160
Compiler Notes: --build=x86_64-linux-gnu --disable-browser-plugin --disable-libmudflap --disable-werror --enable-checking=release --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-gnu-unique-object --enable-gtk-cairo --enable-java-awt=gtk --enable-java-home --enable-languages=c,c++,java,go,d,fortran,objc,obj-c++ --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --enable-multiarch --enable-nls --enable-objc-gc --enable-plugin --enable-shared --enable-threads=posix --host=x86_64-linux-gnu --target=x86_64-linux-gnu --with-abi=m64 --with-arch-32=i686 --with-arch-directory=amd64 --with-multilib-list=m32,m64,mx32 --with-tune=generic -v
Processor Notes: Scaling Governor: acpi-cpufreq performance
OpenCL Notes: GPU Compute Cores: 512
System Notes: GPU Compute Cores: 512.
Testing initiated at 11 November 2015 13:29 by user pts.
Processor: Intel Core i5-6600K @ 3.50GHz (4 Cores), Motherboard: MSI Z170A GAMING PRO (MS-7984) v1.0, Chipset: Intel Device 191f, Memory: 16384MB, Disk: 256GB TS256GSSD370S, Graphics: NVIDIA GeForce GTX 760 2048MB (980/3004MHz), Audio: Intel Device a170, Network: Intel Device 15b8
OS: Ubuntu 14.04, Kernel: 3.19.0-33-generic (x86_64), Desktop: Unity 7.2.5, Display Server: X Server 1.17.1, Display Driver: NVIDIA 352.39, OpenGL: 4.3.0, Compiler: GCC 4.8.4 + Clang 3.4-1ubuntu3 + CUDA 7.5, File-System: ext4, Screen Resolution: 3840x2160
Compiler Notes: --build=x86_64-linux-gnu --disable-browser-plugin --disable-libmudflap --disable-werror --enable-checking=release --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-gnu-unique-object --enable-gtk-cairo --enable-java-awt=gtk --enable-java-home --enable-languages=c,c++,java,go,d,fortran,objc,obj-c++ --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --enable-multiarch --enable-nls --enable-objc-gc --enable-plugin --enable-shared --enable-threads=posix --host=x86_64-linux-gnu --target=x86_64-linux-gnu --with-abi=m64 --with-arch-32=i686 --with-arch-directory=amd64 --with-multilib-list=m32,m64,mx32 --with-tune=generic -v
Processor Notes: Scaling Governor: acpi-cpufreq performance
OpenCL Notes: GPU Compute Cores: 1152
System Notes: GPU Compute Cores: 1152.
Testing initiated at 11 November 2015 14:51 by user pts.
Processor: Intel Core i5-6600K @ 3.50GHz (4 Cores), Motherboard: MSI Z170A GAMING PRO (MS-7984) v1.0, Chipset: Intel Device 191f, Memory: 16384MB, Disk: 256GB TS256GSSD370S, Graphics: NVIDIA GeForce GTX 780 Ti 3072MB (875/3500MHz), Audio: Intel Device a170, Network: Intel Device 15b8
OS: Ubuntu 14.04, Kernel: 3.19.0-33-generic (x86_64), Desktop: Unity 7.2.5, Display Server: X Server 1.17.1, Display Driver: NVIDIA 352.39, OpenGL: 4.3.0, Compiler: GCC 4.8.4 + Clang 3.4-1ubuntu3 + CUDA 7.5, File-System: ext4, Screen Resolution: 3840x2160
Compiler Notes: --build=x86_64-linux-gnu --disable-browser-plugin --disable-libmudflap --disable-werror --enable-checking=release --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-gnu-unique-object --enable-gtk-cairo --enable-java-awt=gtk --enable-java-home --enable-languages=c,c++,java,go,d,fortran,objc,obj-c++ --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --enable-multiarch --enable-nls --enable-objc-gc --enable-plugin --enable-shared --enable-threads=posix --host=x86_64-linux-gnu --target=x86_64-linux-gnu --with-abi=m64 --with-arch-32=i686 --with-arch-directory=amd64 --with-multilib-list=m32,m64,mx32 --with-tune=generic -v
Processor Notes: Scaling Governor: acpi-cpufreq performance
OpenCL Notes: GPU Compute Cores: 2880
System Notes: GPU Compute Cores: 2880.
Testing initiated at 11 November 2015 12:14 by user pts.
Processor: Intel Core i5-6600K @ 3.50GHz (4 Cores), Motherboard: MSI Z170A GAMING PRO (MS-7984) v1.0, Chipset: Intel Device 191f, Memory: 16384MB, Disk: 256GB TS256GSSD370S, Graphics: eVGA NVIDIA GeForce GTX 950 2048MB (135/405MHz), Audio: Intel Device a170, Network: Intel Device 15b8
OS: Ubuntu 14.04, Kernel: 3.19.0-33-generic (x86_64), Desktop: Unity 7.2.5, Display Server: X Server 1.17.1, Display Driver: NVIDIA 352.39, OpenGL: 4.3.0, Compiler: GCC 4.8.4 + Clang 3.4-1ubuntu3 + CUDA 7.5, File-System: ext4, Screen Resolution: 3840x2160
Compiler Notes: --build=x86_64-linux-gnu --disable-browser-plugin --disable-libmudflap --disable-werror --enable-checking=release --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-gnu-unique-object --enable-gtk-cairo --enable-java-awt=gtk --enable-java-home --enable-languages=c,c++,java,go,d,fortran,objc,obj-c++ --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --enable-multiarch --enable-nls --enable-objc-gc --enable-plugin --enable-shared --enable-threads=posix --host=x86_64-linux-gnu --target=x86_64-linux-gnu --with-abi=m64 --with-arch-32=i686 --with-arch-directory=amd64 --with-multilib-list=m32,m64,mx32 --with-tune=generic -v
Processor Notes: Scaling Governor: acpi-cpufreq performance
OpenCL Notes: GPU Compute Cores: 768
System Notes: GPU Compute Cores: 768.
Testing initiated at 10 November 2015 18:14 by user pts.
Processor: Intel Core i5-6600K @ 3.50GHz (4 Cores), Motherboard: MSI Z170A GAMING PRO (MS-7984) v1.0, Chipset: Intel Device 191f, Memory: 16384MB, Disk: 256GB TS256GSSD370S, Graphics: eVGA NVIDIA GeForce GTX 960 2048MB (1277/3505MHz), Audio: Intel Device a170, Network: Intel Device 15b8
OS: Ubuntu 14.04, Kernel: 3.19.0-33-generic (x86_64), Desktop: Unity 7.2.5, Display Server: X Server 1.17.1, Display Driver: NVIDIA 352.39, OpenGL: 4.3.0, Compiler: GCC 4.8.4 + Clang 3.4-1ubuntu3 + CUDA 7.5, File-System: ext4, Screen Resolution: 3840x2160
Compiler Notes: --build=x86_64-linux-gnu --disable-browser-plugin --disable-libmudflap --disable-werror --enable-checking=release --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-gnu-unique-object --enable-gtk-cairo --enable-java-awt=gtk --enable-java-home --enable-languages=c,c++,java,go,d,fortran,objc,obj-c++ --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --enable-multiarch --enable-nls --enable-objc-gc --enable-plugin --enable-shared --enable-threads=posix --host=x86_64-linux-gnu --target=x86_64-linux-gnu --with-abi=m64 --with-arch-32=i686 --with-arch-directory=amd64 --with-multilib-list=m32,m64,mx32 --with-tune=generic -v
Processor Notes: Scaling Governor: acpi-cpufreq performance
OpenCL Notes: GPU Compute Cores: 1024
System Notes: GPU Compute Cores: 1024.
Testing initiated at 11 November 2015 09:49 by user pts.
Processor: Intel Core i5-6600K @ 3.50GHz (4 Cores), Motherboard: MSI Z170A GAMING PRO (MS-7984) v1.0, Chipset: Intel Device 191f, Memory: 16384MB, Disk: 256GB TS256GSSD370S, Graphics: eVGA NVIDIA GeForce GTX 970 4096MB (1163/3505MHz), Audio: Intel Device a170, Network: Intel Device 15b8
OS: Ubuntu 14.04, Kernel: 3.19.0-33-generic (x86_64), Desktop: Unity 7.2.5, Display Server: X Server 1.17.1, Display Driver: NVIDIA 352.39, OpenGL: 4.3.0, Compiler: GCC 4.8.4 + Clang 3.4-1ubuntu3 + CUDA 7.5, File-System: ext4, Screen Resolution: 3840x2160
Compiler Notes: --build=x86_64-linux-gnu --disable-browser-plugin --disable-libmudflap --disable-werror --enable-checking=release --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-gnu-unique-object --enable-gtk-cairo --enable-java-awt=gtk --enable-java-home --enable-languages=c,c++,java,go,d,fortran,objc,obj-c++ --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --enable-multiarch --enable-nls --enable-objc-gc --enable-plugin --enable-shared --enable-threads=posix --host=x86_64-linux-gnu --target=x86_64-linux-gnu --with-abi=m64 --with-arch-32=i686 --with-arch-directory=amd64 --with-multilib-list=m32,m64,mx32 --with-tune=generic -v
Processor Notes: Scaling Governor: acpi-cpufreq performance
OpenCL Notes: GPU Compute Cores: 1664
System Notes: GPU Compute Cores: 1664.
Testing initiated at 11 November 2015 07:56 by user pts.
Processor: Intel Core i5-6600K @ 3.50GHz (4 Cores), Motherboard: MSI Z170A GAMING PRO (MS-7984) v1.0, Chipset: Intel Device 191f, Memory: 16384MB, Disk: 256GB TS256GSSD370S, Graphics: NVIDIA GeForce GTX 980 4096MB (1126/3505MHz), Audio: Intel Device a170, Network: Intel Device 15b8
OS: Ubuntu 14.04, Kernel: 3.19.0-33-generic (x86_64), Desktop: Unity 7.2.5, Display Server: X Server 1.17.1, Display Driver: NVIDIA 352.39, OpenGL: 4.3.0, Compiler: GCC 4.8.4 + Clang 3.4-1ubuntu3 + CUDA 7.5, File-System: ext4, Screen Resolution: 3840x2160
Compiler Notes: --build=x86_64-linux-gnu --disable-browser-plugin --disable-libmudflap --disable-werror --enable-checking=release --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-gnu-unique-object --enable-gtk-cairo --enable-java-awt=gtk --enable-java-home --enable-languages=c,c++,java,go,d,fortran,objc,obj-c++ --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --enable-multiarch --enable-nls --enable-objc-gc --enable-plugin --enable-shared --enable-threads=posix --host=x86_64-linux-gnu --target=x86_64-linux-gnu --with-abi=m64 --with-arch-32=i686 --with-arch-directory=amd64 --with-multilib-list=m32,m64,mx32 --with-tune=generic -v
Processor Notes: Scaling Governor: acpi-cpufreq performance
OpenCL Notes: GPU Compute Cores: 2048
System Notes: GPU Compute Cores: 2048.
Testing initiated at 11 November 2015 08:55 by user pts.
Processor: Intel Core i5-6600K @ 3.50GHz (4 Cores), Motherboard: MSI Z170A GAMING PRO (MS-7984) v1.0, Chipset: Intel Device 191f, Memory: 16384MB, Disk: 256GB TS256GSSD370S, Graphics: NVIDIA GeForce GTX 980 Ti 6144MB (999/3505MHz), Audio: Intel Device a170, Network: Intel Device 15b8
OS: Ubuntu 14.04, Kernel: 3.19.0-33-generic (x86_64), Desktop: Unity 7.2.5, Display Server: X Server 1.17.1, Display Driver: NVIDIA 352.39, OpenGL: 4.3.0, Compiler: GCC 4.8.4 + Clang 3.4-1ubuntu3 + CUDA 7.5, File-System: ext4, Screen Resolution: 3840x2160
Compiler Notes: --build=x86_64-linux-gnu --disable-browser-plugin --disable-libmudflap --disable-werror --enable-checking=release --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-gnu-unique-object --enable-gtk-cairo --enable-java-awt=gtk --enable-java-home --enable-languages=c,c++,java,go,d,fortran,objc,obj-c++ --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --enable-multiarch --enable-nls --enable-objc-gc --enable-plugin --enable-shared --enable-threads=posix --host=x86_64-linux-gnu --target=x86_64-linux-gnu --with-abi=m64 --with-arch-32=i686 --with-arch-directory=amd64 --with-multilib-list=m32,m64,mx32 --with-tune=generic -v
Processor Notes: Scaling Governor: acpi-cpufreq performance
OpenCL Notes: GPU Compute Cores: 2816
System Notes: GPU Compute Cores: 2816.
Testing initiated at 10 November 2015 19:35 by user pts.
Processor: Intel Core i5-6600K @ 3.50GHz (4 Cores), Motherboard: MSI Z170A GAMING PRO (MS-7984) v1.0, Chipset: Intel Device 191f, Memory: 16384MB, Disk: 256GB TS256GSSD370S, Graphics: NVIDIA GeForce GTX TITAN X 12288MB (1001/3505MHz), Audio: Intel Device a170, Network: Intel Device 15b8
OS: Ubuntu 14.04, Kernel: 3.19.0-33-generic (x86_64), Desktop: Unity 7.2.5, Display Server: X Server 1.17.1, Display Driver: NVIDIA 352.39, OpenGL: 4.3.0, Compiler: GCC 4.8.4 + Clang 3.4-1ubuntu3 + CUDA 7.5, File-System: ext4, Screen Resolution: 3840x2160
Compiler Notes: --build=x86_64-linux-gnu --disable-browser-plugin --disable-libmudflap --disable-werror --enable-checking=release --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-gnu-unique-object --enable-gtk-cairo --enable-java-awt=gtk --enable-java-home --enable-languages=c,c++,java,go,d,fortran,objc,obj-c++ --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --enable-multiarch --enable-nls --enable-objc-gc --enable-plugin --enable-shared --enable-threads=posix --host=x86_64-linux-gnu --target=x86_64-linux-gnu --with-abi=m64 --with-arch-32=i686 --with-arch-directory=amd64 --with-multilib-list=m32,m64,mx32 --with-tune=generic -v
Processor Notes: Scaling Governor: acpi-cpufreq performance
OpenCL Notes: GPU Compute Cores: 3072
System Notes: GPU Compute Cores: 3072.
Testing initiated at 11 November 2015 11:12 by user pts.
Processor: 2 x Intel Xeon E5-2670 0 @ 3.30GHz (32 Cores), Motherboard: HP 158A, Chipset: Intel Xeon E5/Core, Memory: 16384MB, Disk: 500GB Samsung SSD 850 + 4001GB Seagate ST4000DM005-2DP1 + 500GB Seagate ST500DM002-1BD14, Graphics: eVGA NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1060 6GB, Audio: Realtek ALC262, Network: Intel 82579LM Gigabit Connection + Broadcom Limited BCM4360 802.11ac Wireless
OS: ManjaroLinux 17.0.5, Kernel: 4.9.53-1-MANJARO (x86_64), Desktop: KDE Frameworks 5, Compiler: GCC 7.2.0 + Clang 5.0.0 + CUDA 8.0, File-System: ext4, Screen Resolution: 800x600
Compiler Notes: --disable-libssp --disable-libstdcxx-pch --disable-libunwind-exceptions --disable-werror --enable-__cxa_atexit --enable-checking=release --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-default-pie --enable-default-ssp --enable-gnu-indirect-function --enable-gnu-unique-object --enable-install-libiberty --enable-languages=c,c++,ada,fortran,go,lto,objc,obj-c++ --enable-libmpx --enable-lto --enable-multilib --enable-plugin --enable-shared --enable-threads=posix --mandir=/usr/share/man --with-isl --with-linker-hash-style=gnu
Processor Notes: Scaling Governor: intel_pstate powersave
Testing initiated at 23 October 2017 12:39 by user chase-dwelle.