Raspberry Pi 3 Benchmarks for a future article on Phoronix.com by Michael Larabel.
Processor: ARMv7 rev 1 @ 1.54GHz (4 Cores), Motherboard: ODROIDC, Memory: 836MB, Disk: 8GB SD
OS: Ubuntu 14.04, Kernel: 3.10.80-135 (armv7l), Desktop: LXDE 0.6.1, Display Server: X Server 1.15.1, OpenGL: 2.1 Mesa 10.1.3, Compiler: GCC 4.9.3, File-System: ext4, Screen Resolution: 1920x1080
Compiler Notes: --build=arm-linux-gnueabihf --disable-browser-plugin --disable-libitm --disable-libquadmath --disable-sjlj-exceptions --disable-werror --enable-checking=release --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-gnu-unique-object --enable-gtk-cairo --enable-java-awt=gtk --enable-java-home --enable-languages=c,c++,java,go,d,fortran,objc,obj-c++ --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --enable-multiarch --enable-multilib --enable-multilib --enable-nls --enable-objc-gc --enable-plugin --enable-shared --enable-threads=posix --host=arm-linux-gnueabihf --target=arm-linux-gnueabihf --with-arch-directory=arm --with-arch=armv7-a --with-float=hard --with-fpu=vfpv3-d16 --with-mode=thumb -v
Processor Notes: Scaling Governor: meson_cpufreq performance
Processor: ARMv6-compatible rev 7 @ 1.00GHz (1 Core), Motherboard: BCM2708 Raspberry Pi ? Rev 1.2, Memory: 434MB, Disk: 8GB SL08G
OS: Raspbian 8.0, Kernel: 4.1.13+ (armv6l), Desktop: LXDE 0.7.2, Display Server: X Server 1.16.4, Compiler: GCC 4.9.2, File-System: ext4, Screen Resolution: 1776x952
Compiler Notes: --build=arm-linux-gnueabihf --disable-browser-plugin --disable-libitm --disable-libquadmath --disable-sjlj-exceptions --enable-checking=release --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-gnu-unique-object --enable-gtk-cairo --enable-java-awt=gtk --enable-java-home --enable-languages=c,c++,java,go,d,fortran,objc,obj-c++ --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --enable-multiarch --enable-nls --enable-objc-gc --enable-plugin --enable-shared --enable-threads=posix --host=arm-linux-gnueabihf --target=arm-linux-gnueabihf --with-arch-directory=arm --with-arch=armv6 --with-float=hard --with-fpu=vfp -v
Processor Notes: Scaling Governor: BCM2835 Freq ondemand
Processor: ARMv7 rev 5 @ 0.90GHz (4 Cores), Motherboard: BCM2709 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B Rev 1.1, Memory: 925MB, Disk: 8GB SD
OS: Raspbian 8.0, Kernel: 4.1.13-v7+ (armv7l), Desktop: LXDE 0.7.2, Display Server: X Server 1.16.4, Compiler: GCC 4.9.2, File-System: ext4, Screen Resolution: 1824x984
Processor: ARMv7 rev 5 @ 1.20GHz (3 Cores), Motherboard: sun8i, Memory: 1024MB, Disk: 16GB SL16G
OS: Raspbian GNU/Linux 7, Kernel: 3.4.39 (armv7l), Desktop: LXDE 0.7.1, Display Server: X Server 1.12.4, Compiler: GCC 4.6.3, File-System: ext4, Screen Resolution: 1280x720
Compiler Notes: --build=arm-linux-gnueabihf --disable-sjlj-exceptions --enable-checking=release --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-gnu-unique-object --enable-languages=c,c++,fortran,objc,obj-c++ --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --enable-nls --enable-objc-gc --enable-plugin --enable-shared --enable-threads=posix --host=arm-linux-gnueabihf --target=arm-linux-gnueabihf --with-arch=armv6 --with-float=hard --with-fpu=vfp -v
Processor Notes: Scaling Governor: cpufreq-sunxi ondemand
Changed Processor to ARMv7 rev 5 @ 1.20GHz (4 Cores).
Processor: Cortex A57 rev 1 @ 1.91GHz (4 Cores), Motherboard: jetson_tx1, Memory: 4096MB, Disk: 16GB 016G32, Graphics: NVIDIA Tegra X1 (nvgpu)/, Monitor: Acer G237HL
OS: Ubuntu 14.04, Kernel: 3.10.67-g3a5c467 (aarch64), Desktop: Unity 7.2.2, Display Server: X Server 1.15.1, Display Driver: NVIDIA 23.1.1, OpenGL: 4.3.0, Compiler: GCC 4.8.4 + Clang 3.4-1ubuntu3 + CUDA 7.0, File-System: ext4, Screen Resolution: 1920x1080
Compiler Notes: --build=arm-linux-gnueabihf --disable-browser-plugin --disable-libitm --disable-libmudflap --disable-libquadmath --disable-sjlj-exceptions --disable-werror --enable-checking=release --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-gnu-unique-object --enable-gtk-cairo --enable-java-awt=gtk --enable-java-home --enable-languages=c,c++,java,go,d,fortran,objc,obj-c++ --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --enable-multiarch --enable-multilib --enable-nls --enable-objc-gc --enable-plugin --enable-shared --enable-threads=posix --host=arm-linux-gnueabihf --target=arm-linux-gnueabihf --with-arch-directory=arm --with-arch=armv7-a --with-float=hard --with-fpu=vfpv3-d16 --with-mode=thumb -v
Processor Notes: Scaling Governor: tegra interactive
Processor: ARMv7 rev 3 @ 2.32GHz (4 Cores), Motherboard: jetson-tk1, Memory: 2048MB, Disk: 16GB SEM16G, Graphics: GK20A/NullRM/AXI, Network: Realtek RTL8111/8168/8411
OS: Ubuntu 14.04, Kernel: 3.10.40-gdacac96 (armv7l), Desktop: Unity 7.2.2, Display Server: X Server 1.15.1, Display Driver: NVIDIA 21.4, OpenGL: 4.3.0, Compiler: GCC 4.8.4 + CUDA 6.5, File-System: ext4, Screen Resolution: 1920x1080
Processor: ARMv7 rev 3 @ 1.01GHz (4 Cores), Motherboard: Allwinner sun6i (A31) Family Banana Pi BPI-M2, Memory: 1024MB, Disk: 8GB SD
OS: Debian 8.1, Kernel: 4.2.0-BPI-kernel+ (armv7l), Compiler: GCC 4.9.2, File-System: ext4, Screen Resolution: 1920x1080
Compiler Notes: --build=arm-linux-gnueabihf --disable-browser-plugin --disable-libitm --disable-libquadmath --disable-sjlj-exceptions --enable-checking=release --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-gnu-unique-object --enable-gtk-cairo --enable-java-awt=gtk --enable-java-home --enable-languages=c,c++,java,go,d,fortran,objc,obj-c++ --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --enable-multiarch --enable-nls --enable-objc-gc --enable-plugin --enable-shared --enable-threads=posix --host=arm-linux-gnueabihf --target=arm-linux-gnueabihf --with-arch-directory=arm --with-arch=armv7-a --with-float=hard --with-fpu=vfpv3-d16 --with-mode=thumb -v
Processor Notes: Scaling Governor: cpufreq-dt ondemand
Processor: ARMv7 rev 4 @ 1.20GHz (4 Cores), Motherboard: BCM2709 Raspberry Pi 3 Model B Rev 1.2, Memory: 925MB, Disk: 16GB SD16G, Graphics: LLVMpipe
OS: Raspbian 8.0, Kernel: 4.1.18-v7+ (armv7l), Desktop: LXDE 0.7.2, Display Server: X Server 1.17.2, OpenGL: 3.0 Mesa 11.1.0 Gallium 0.4, Compiler: GCC 4.9.2, File-System: ext4, Screen Resolution: 1824x984
Compiler Notes: --build=arm-linux-gnueabihf --disable-browser-plugin --disable-libitm --disable-libquadmath --disable-sjlj-exceptions --enable-checking=release --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-gnu-unique-object --enable-gtk-cairo --enable-java-awt=gtk --enable-java-home --enable-languages=c,c++,java,go,d,fortran,objc,obj-c++ --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --enable-multiarch --enable-nls --enable-objc-gc --enable-plugin --enable-shared --enable-threads=posix --host=arm-linux-gnueabihf --target=arm-linux-gnueabihf --with-arch-directory=arm --with-arch=armv6 --with-float=hard --with-fpu=vfp -v
Processor Notes: Scaling Governor: BCM2835 Freq ondemand
Processor: AArch64 rev 4 @ 2.02GHz (4 Cores), Motherboard: ODROID-C2, Memory: 2048MB, Disk: 8GB 00000
OS: Raspbian 8.0, Kernel: 3.14.29 (aarch64), Compiler: GCC 4.9.2, File-System: ext4, Screen Resolution: 1280x720
Compiler Notes: --build=arm-linux-gnueabihf --disable-browser-plugin --disable-libitm --disable-libquadmath --disable-sjlj-exceptions --enable-checking=release --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-gnu-unique-object --enable-gtk-cairo --enable-java-awt=gtk --enable-java-home --enable-languages=c,c++,java,go,d,fortran,objc,obj-c++ --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --enable-multiarch --enable-nls --enable-objc-gc --enable-plugin --enable-shared --enable-threads=posix --host=arm-linux-gnueabihf --target=arm-linux-gnueabihf --with-arch-directory=arm --with-arch=armv6 --with-ecj-jar=/usr/share/java/eclipse-ecj.jar --with-float=hard --with-fpu=vfp --with-java-home=/usr/lib/jvm/java-1.5.0-gcj-4.9-armhf/jre --with-jvm-jar-dir=/usr/lib/jvm-exports/java-1.5.0-gcj-4.9-armhf --with-jvm-root-dir=/usr/lib/jvm/java-1.5.0-gcj-4.9-armhf -v
Processor Notes: Scaling Governor: meson_cpufreq performance
This is a test of C-Ray, a simple raytracer designed to test the floating-point CPU performance. This test is multi-threaded (16 threads per core), will shoot 8 rays per pixel for anti-aliasing, and will generate a 1600 x 1200 image. Learn more via the OpenBenchmarking.org test page.
OpenSSL is an open-source toolkit that implements SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) and TLS (Transport Layer Security) protocols. This test measures the RSA 4096-bit performance of OpenSSL. Learn more via the OpenBenchmarking.org test page.
This is a benchmark of John The Ripper, which is a password cracker. Learn more via the OpenBenchmarking.org test page.
The Himeno benchmark is a linear solver of pressure Poisson using a point-Jacobi method. Learn more via the OpenBenchmarking.org test page.
This test times how long it takes to encode a sample WAV file to FLAC format three times. Learn more via the OpenBenchmarking.org test page.
Processor: ARMv7 rev 1 @ 1.54GHz (4 Cores), Motherboard: ODROIDC, Memory: 836MB, Disk: 8GB SD
OS: Ubuntu 14.04, Kernel: 3.10.80-135 (armv7l), Desktop: LXDE 0.6.1, Display Server: X Server 1.15.1, OpenGL: 2.1 Mesa 10.1.3, Compiler: GCC 4.9.3, File-System: ext4, Screen Resolution: 1920x1080
Compiler Notes: --build=arm-linux-gnueabihf --disable-browser-plugin --disable-libitm --disable-libquadmath --disable-sjlj-exceptions --disable-werror --enable-checking=release --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-gnu-unique-object --enable-gtk-cairo --enable-java-awt=gtk --enable-java-home --enable-languages=c,c++,java,go,d,fortran,objc,obj-c++ --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --enable-multiarch --enable-multilib --enable-multilib --enable-nls --enable-objc-gc --enable-plugin --enable-shared --enable-threads=posix --host=arm-linux-gnueabihf --target=arm-linux-gnueabihf --with-arch-directory=arm --with-arch=armv7-a --with-float=hard --with-fpu=vfpv3-d16 --with-mode=thumb -v
Processor Notes: Scaling Governor: meson_cpufreq performance
Testing initiated at 5 January 2016 20:42 by user odroid.
Processor: ARMv6-compatible rev 7 @ 1.00GHz (1 Core), Motherboard: BCM2708 Raspberry Pi ? Rev 1.2, Memory: 434MB, Disk: 8GB SL08G
OS: Raspbian 8.0, Kernel: 4.1.13+ (armv6l), Desktop: LXDE 0.7.2, Display Server: X Server 1.16.4, Compiler: GCC 4.9.2, File-System: ext4, Screen Resolution: 1776x952
Compiler Notes: --build=arm-linux-gnueabihf --disable-browser-plugin --disable-libitm --disable-libquadmath --disable-sjlj-exceptions --enable-checking=release --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-gnu-unique-object --enable-gtk-cairo --enable-java-awt=gtk --enable-java-home --enable-languages=c,c++,java,go,d,fortran,objc,obj-c++ --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --enable-multiarch --enable-nls --enable-objc-gc --enable-plugin --enable-shared --enable-threads=posix --host=arm-linux-gnueabihf --target=arm-linux-gnueabihf --with-arch-directory=arm --with-arch=armv6 --with-float=hard --with-fpu=vfp -v
Processor Notes: Scaling Governor: BCM2835 Freq ondemand
Testing initiated at 6 January 2016 01:22 by user pi.
Processor: ARMv7 rev 5 @ 0.90GHz (4 Cores), Motherboard: BCM2709 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B Rev 1.1, Memory: 925MB, Disk: 8GB SD
OS: Raspbian 8.0, Kernel: 4.1.13-v7+ (armv7l), Desktop: LXDE 0.7.2, Display Server: X Server 1.16.4, Compiler: GCC 4.9.2, File-System: ext4, Screen Resolution: 1824x984
Compiler Notes: --build=arm-linux-gnueabihf --disable-browser-plugin --disable-libitm --disable-libquadmath --disable-sjlj-exceptions --enable-checking=release --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-gnu-unique-object --enable-gtk-cairo --enable-java-awt=gtk --enable-java-home --enable-languages=c,c++,java,go,d,fortran,objc,obj-c++ --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --enable-multiarch --enable-nls --enable-objc-gc --enable-plugin --enable-shared --enable-threads=posix --host=arm-linux-gnueabihf --target=arm-linux-gnueabihf --with-arch-directory=arm --with-arch=armv6 --with-float=hard --with-fpu=vfp -v
Processor Notes: Scaling Governor: BCM2835 Freq ondemand
Testing initiated at 6 January 2016 20:24 by user pi.
Processor: ARMv7 rev 5 @ 1.20GHz (3 Cores), Motherboard: sun8i, Memory: 1024MB, Disk: 16GB SL16G
OS: Raspbian GNU/Linux 7, Kernel: 3.4.39 (armv7l), Desktop: LXDE 0.7.1, Display Server: X Server 1.12.4, Compiler: GCC 4.6.3, File-System: ext4, Screen Resolution: 1280x720
Compiler Notes: --build=arm-linux-gnueabihf --disable-sjlj-exceptions --enable-checking=release --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-gnu-unique-object --enable-languages=c,c++,fortran,objc,obj-c++ --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --enable-nls --enable-objc-gc --enable-plugin --enable-shared --enable-threads=posix --host=arm-linux-gnueabihf --target=arm-linux-gnueabihf --with-arch=armv6 --with-float=hard --with-fpu=vfp -v
Processor Notes: Scaling Governor: cpufreq-sunxi ondemand
Testing initiated at 7 January 2016 01:35 by user root.
Processor: ARMv7 rev 5 @ 1.20GHz (4 Cores), Motherboard: sun8i, Memory: 1024MB, Disk: 16GB SL16G
OS: Raspbian GNU/Linux 7, Kernel: 3.4.39 (armv7l), Desktop: LXDE 0.7.1, Display Server: X Server 1.12.4, Compiler: GCC 4.6.3, File-System: ext4, Screen Resolution: 1280x720
Compiler Notes: --build=arm-linux-gnueabihf --disable-sjlj-exceptions --enable-checking=release --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-gnu-unique-object --enable-languages=c,c++,fortran,objc,obj-c++ --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --enable-nls --enable-objc-gc --enable-plugin --enable-shared --enable-threads=posix --host=arm-linux-gnueabihf --target=arm-linux-gnueabihf --with-arch=armv6 --with-float=hard --with-fpu=vfp -v
Processor Notes: Scaling Governor: cpufreq-sunxi ondemand
Testing initiated at 7 January 2016 19:03 by user root.
Processor: Cortex A57 rev 1 @ 1.91GHz (4 Cores), Motherboard: jetson_tx1, Memory: 4096MB, Disk: 16GB 016G32, Graphics: NVIDIA Tegra X1 (nvgpu)/, Monitor: Acer G237HL
OS: Ubuntu 14.04, Kernel: 3.10.67-g3a5c467 (aarch64), Desktop: Unity 7.2.2, Display Server: X Server 1.15.1, Display Driver: NVIDIA 23.1.1, OpenGL: 4.3.0, Compiler: GCC 4.8.4 + Clang 3.4-1ubuntu3 + CUDA 7.0, File-System: ext4, Screen Resolution: 1920x1080
Compiler Notes: --build=arm-linux-gnueabihf --disable-browser-plugin --disable-libitm --disable-libmudflap --disable-libquadmath --disable-sjlj-exceptions --disable-werror --enable-checking=release --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-gnu-unique-object --enable-gtk-cairo --enable-java-awt=gtk --enable-java-home --enable-languages=c,c++,java,go,d,fortran,objc,obj-c++ --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --enable-multiarch --enable-multilib --enable-nls --enable-objc-gc --enable-plugin --enable-shared --enable-threads=posix --host=arm-linux-gnueabihf --target=arm-linux-gnueabihf --with-arch-directory=arm --with-arch=armv7-a --with-float=hard --with-fpu=vfpv3-d16 --with-mode=thumb -v
Processor Notes: Scaling Governor: tegra interactive
Testing initiated at 8 January 2016 20:16 by user ubuntu.
Processor: ARMv7 rev 3 @ 2.32GHz (4 Cores), Motherboard: jetson-tk1, Memory: 2048MB, Disk: 16GB SEM16G, Graphics: GK20A/NullRM/AXI, Network: Realtek RTL8111/8168/8411
OS: Ubuntu 14.04, Kernel: 3.10.40-gdacac96 (armv7l), Desktop: Unity 7.2.2, Display Server: X Server 1.15.1, Display Driver: NVIDIA 21.4, OpenGL: 4.3.0, Compiler: GCC 4.8.4 + CUDA 6.5, File-System: ext4, Screen Resolution: 1920x1080
Compiler Notes: --build=arm-linux-gnueabihf --disable-browser-plugin --disable-libitm --disable-libmudflap --disable-libquadmath --disable-sjlj-exceptions --disable-werror --enable-checking=release --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-gnu-unique-object --enable-gtk-cairo --enable-java-awt=gtk --enable-java-home --enable-languages=c,c++,java,go,d,fortran,objc,obj-c++ --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --enable-multiarch --enable-multilib --enable-nls --enable-objc-gc --enable-plugin --enable-shared --enable-threads=posix --host=arm-linux-gnueabihf --target=arm-linux-gnueabihf --with-arch-directory=arm --with-arch=armv7-a --with-float=hard --with-fpu=vfpv3-d16 --with-mode=thumb -v
Processor Notes: Scaling Governor: tegra interactive
Testing initiated at 8 January 2016 22:06 by user ubuntu.
Processor: ARMv7 rev 3 @ 1.01GHz (4 Cores), Motherboard: Allwinner sun6i (A31) Family Banana Pi BPI-M2, Memory: 1024MB, Disk: 8GB SD
OS: Debian 8.1, Kernel: 4.2.0-BPI-kernel+ (armv7l), Compiler: GCC 4.9.2, File-System: ext4, Screen Resolution: 1920x1080
Compiler Notes: --build=arm-linux-gnueabihf --disable-browser-plugin --disable-libitm --disable-libquadmath --disable-sjlj-exceptions --enable-checking=release --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-gnu-unique-object --enable-gtk-cairo --enable-java-awt=gtk --enable-java-home --enable-languages=c,c++,java,go,d,fortran,objc,obj-c++ --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --enable-multiarch --enable-nls --enable-objc-gc --enable-plugin --enable-shared --enable-threads=posix --host=arm-linux-gnueabihf --target=arm-linux-gnueabihf --with-arch-directory=arm --with-arch=armv7-a --with-float=hard --with-fpu=vfpv3-d16 --with-mode=thumb -v
Processor Notes: Scaling Governor: cpufreq-dt ondemand
Testing initiated at 10 January 2016 14:02 by user pi.
Processor: ARMv7 rev 4 @ 1.20GHz (4 Cores), Motherboard: BCM2709 Raspberry Pi 3 Model B Rev 1.2, Memory: 925MB, Disk: 16GB SD16G, Graphics: LLVMpipe
OS: Raspbian 8.0, Kernel: 4.1.18-v7+ (armv7l), Desktop: LXDE 0.7.2, Display Server: X Server 1.17.2, OpenGL: 3.0 Mesa 11.1.0 Gallium 0.4, Compiler: GCC 4.9.2, File-System: ext4, Screen Resolution: 1824x984
Compiler Notes: --build=arm-linux-gnueabihf --disable-browser-plugin --disable-libitm --disable-libquadmath --disable-sjlj-exceptions --enable-checking=release --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-gnu-unique-object --enable-gtk-cairo --enable-java-awt=gtk --enable-java-home --enable-languages=c,c++,java,go,d,fortran,objc,obj-c++ --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --enable-multiarch --enable-nls --enable-objc-gc --enable-plugin --enable-shared --enable-threads=posix --host=arm-linux-gnueabihf --target=arm-linux-gnueabihf --with-arch-directory=arm --with-arch=armv6 --with-float=hard --with-fpu=vfp -v
Processor Notes: Scaling Governor: BCM2835 Freq ondemand
Testing initiated at 4 March 2016 23:10 by user pi.
Processor: AArch64 rev 4 @ 2.02GHz (4 Cores), Motherboard: ODROID-C2, Memory: 2048MB, Disk: 8GB 00000
OS: Raspbian 8.0, Kernel: 3.14.29 (aarch64), Compiler: GCC 4.9.2, File-System: ext4, Screen Resolution: 1280x720
Compiler Notes: --build=arm-linux-gnueabihf --disable-browser-plugin --disable-libitm --disable-libquadmath --disable-sjlj-exceptions --enable-checking=release --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-gnu-unique-object --enable-gtk-cairo --enable-java-awt=gtk --enable-java-home --enable-languages=c,c++,java,go,d,fortran,objc,obj-c++ --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --enable-multiarch --enable-nls --enable-objc-gc --enable-plugin --enable-shared --enable-threads=posix --host=arm-linux-gnueabihf --target=arm-linux-gnueabihf --with-arch-directory=arm --with-arch=armv6 --with-ecj-jar=/usr/share/java/eclipse-ecj.jar --with-float=hard --with-fpu=vfp --with-java-home=/usr/lib/jvm/java-1.5.0-gcj-4.9-armhf/jre --with-jvm-jar-dir=/usr/lib/jvm-exports/java-1.5.0-gcj-4.9-armhf --with-jvm-root-dir=/usr/lib/jvm/java-1.5.0-gcj-4.9-armhf -v
Processor Notes: Scaling Governor: meson_cpufreq performance
Testing initiated at 6 March 2016 06:39 by user root.