Linux 5.14 SSD File-System Benchmarks

Linux 5.14 kernel SSD file-system benchmarks on WD_BLACK SN850 NVMe solid-state drive. Benchmarks by Michael Larabel for a future article.

HTML result view exported from: https://openbenchmarking.org/result/2108260-PTS-SSDS978300.

Linux 5.14 SSD File-System BenchmarksProcessorMotherboardChipsetMemoryDiskGraphicsAudioMonitorNetworkOSKernelDesktopDisplay ServerOpenGLVulkanCompilerFile-SystemScreen ResolutionF2FSBtrfsEXT4XFSAMD Ryzen 9 5900X 12-Core @ 3.70GHz (12 Cores / 24 Threads)ASUS ROG CROSSHAIR VIII HERO (3501 BIOS)AMD Starship/Matisse16GB1000GB Western Digital WD_BLACK SN850 1TB + 1000GB Western Digital WDS100T1X0E-00AFY0AMD DIMGREY_CAVEFISH 8GB (2900/1000MHz)AMD Device ab28ASUS VP28URealtek RTL8125 2.5GbE + Intel I211Ubuntu 20.045.14.0-051400rc7-generic (x86_64) 20210822GNOME Shell 3.36.9X Server 1.20.114.6 Mesa 21.3.0-devel (git-2b4b310 2021-08-21 focal-oibaf-ppa) (LLVM 12.0.1)1.2.185GCC 9.3.0f2fs3840x2160btrfsext4xfsOpenBenchmarking.orgKernel Details- Transparent Huge Pages: madviseCompiler Details- --build=x86_64-linux-gnu --disable-vtable-verify --disable-werror --enable-checking=release --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-default-pie --enable-gnu-unique-object --enable-languages=c,ada,c++,go,brig,d,fortran,objc,obj-c++,gm2 --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --enable-multiarch --enable-multilib --enable-nls --enable-objc-gc=auto --enable-offload-targets=nvptx-none=/build/gcc-9-HskZEa/gcc-9-9.3.0/debian/tmp-nvptx/usr,hsa --enable-plugin --enable-shared --enable-threads=posix --host=x86_64-linux-gnu --program-prefix=x86_64-linux-gnu- --target=x86_64-linux-gnu --with-abi=m64 --with-arch-32=i686 --with-default-libstdcxx-abi=new --with-gcc-major-version-only --with-multilib-list=m32,m64,mx32 --with-target-system-zlib=auto --with-tune=generic --without-cuda-driver -v Disk Details- F2FS: NONE / acl,active_logs=6,alloc_mode=default,background_gc=on,checkpoint_merge,discard,extent_cache,flush_merge,fsync_mode=posix,inline_data,inline_dentry,inline_xattr,lazytime,mode=adaptive,no_heap,relatime,rw,user_xattr / Block Size: 4096 - Btrfs: NONE / relatime,rw,space_cache,ssd,subvol=/,subvolid=5 / Block Size: 4096- EXT4: NONE / relatime,rw / Block Size: 4096- XFS: NONE / attr2,inode64,logbsize=32k,logbufs=8,noquota,relatime,rw / Block Size: 4096Processor Details- Scaling Governor: acpi-cpufreq ondemand (Boost: Enabled) - CPU Microcode: 0xa201009Security Details- itlb_multihit: Not affected + l1tf: Not affected + mds: Not affected + meltdown: Not affected + spec_store_bypass: Mitigation of SSB disabled via prctl and seccomp + spectre_v1: Mitigation of usercopy/swapgs barriers and __user pointer sanitization + spectre_v2: Mitigation of Full AMD retpoline IBPB: conditional IBRS_FW STIBP: always-on RSB filling + srbds: Not affected + tsx_async_abort: Not affected

Linux 5.14 SSD File-System Benchmarkssqlite: 1sqlite: 8fio: Rand Read - IO_uring - No - Yes - 4KB - Default Test Directoryfio: Rand Write - IO_uring - No - Yes - 4KB - Default Test Directoryfio: Seq Read - IO_uring - No - Yes - 2MB - Default Test Directoryfio: Seq Write - IO_uring - No - Yes - 2MB - Default Test Directoryfs-mark: 1000 Files, 1MB Sizefs-mark: 5000 Files, 1MB Size, 4 Threadsfs-mark: 4000 Files, 32 Sub Dirs, 1MB Sizedbench: 6ior: 16MB - Default Test Directorymysqlslap: 128mysqlslap: 256mysqlslap: 512pgbench: 100 - 50 - Read Writepgbench: 100 - 50 - Read Write - Average Latencypgbench: 1000 - 50 - Read Onlypgbench: 1000 - 50 - Read Only - Average Latencypgbench: 1000 - 50 - Read Writepgbench: 1000 - 50 - Read Write - Average LatencyF2FSBtrfsEXT4XFS9.12718.172753667285000359116351190.52491.71193.53234.572291.221081841779410831.2172910110.172344391.45213.38524.34555433314333332531633872.21841.0859.22005.652291.05856725706243562.0533113790.161203612.4567.22128.77876000071200035911634843.01798.9838.52474.152091.141037791748412001.2143385990.148294551.7608.27438.91075566771566735931635827.21774.5829.41751.812445.031025799751416461.2013400830.147370591.350OpenBenchmarking.org

SQLite

Threads / Copies: 1

OpenBenchmarking.orgSeconds, Fewer Is BetterSQLite 3.30.1Threads / Copies: 1F2FSBtrfsEXT4XFS3691215SE +/- 0.025, N = 3SE +/- 0.287, N = 15SE +/- 0.021, N = 3SE +/- 0.005, N = 39.12713.3857.2218.2741. (CC) gcc options: -O2 -lz -lm -ldl -lpthread

SQLite

Threads / Copies: 8

OpenBenchmarking.orgSeconds, Fewer Is BetterSQLite 3.30.1Threads / Copies: 8F2FSBtrfsEXT4XFS918273645SE +/- 0.11, N = 3SE +/- 0.31, N = 15SE +/- 0.01, N = 3SE +/- 0.13, N = 318.1724.3528.7838.911. (CC) gcc options: -O2 -lz -lm -ldl -lpthread

Flexible IO Tester

Type: Random Read - Engine: IO_uring - Buffered: No - Direct: Yes - Block Size: 4KB - Disk Target: Default Test Directory

OpenBenchmarking.orgIOPS, More Is BetterFlexible IO Tester 3.25Type: Random Read - Engine: IO_uring - Buffered: No - Direct: Yes - Block Size: 4KB - Disk Target: Default Test DirectoryF2FSBtrfsEXT4XFS160K320K480K640K800KSE +/- 9333.33, N = 3SE +/- 2905.93, N = 3SE +/- 4725.82, N = 3SE +/- 3756.48, N = 37536675543337600007556671. (CC) gcc options: -rdynamic -ll -lnuma -lrt -lz -lpthread -lm -ldl -laio -lcurl -lssl -lcrypto -std=gnu99 -ffast-math -include -O3 -fcommon -U_FORTIFY_SOURCE -march=native

Flexible IO Tester

Type: Random Write - Engine: IO_uring - Buffered: No - Direct: Yes - Block Size: 4KB - Disk Target: Default Test Directory

OpenBenchmarking.orgIOPS, More Is BetterFlexible IO Tester 3.25Type: Random Write - Engine: IO_uring - Buffered: No - Direct: Yes - Block Size: 4KB - Disk Target: Default Test DirectoryF2FSBtrfsEXT4XFS150K300K450K600K750KSE +/- 1527.53, N = 3SE +/- 1201.85, N = 3SE +/- 1527.53, N = 3SE +/- 2027.59, N = 32850001433337120007156671. (CC) gcc options: -rdynamic -ll -lnuma -lrt -lz -lpthread -lm -ldl -laio -lcurl -lssl -lcrypto -std=gnu99 -ffast-math -include -O3 -fcommon -U_FORTIFY_SOURCE -march=native

Flexible IO Tester

Type: Sequential Read - Engine: IO_uring - Buffered: No - Direct: Yes - Block Size: 2MB - Disk Target: Default Test Directory

OpenBenchmarking.orgMB/s, More Is BetterFlexible IO Tester 3.25Type: Sequential Read - Engine: IO_uring - Buffered: No - Direct: Yes - Block Size: 2MB - Disk Target: Default Test DirectoryF2FSBtrfsEXT4XFS8001600240032004000SE +/- 39.61, N = 3SE +/- 0.88, N = 335913253359135931. (CC) gcc options: -rdynamic -ll -lnuma -lrt -lz -lpthread -lm -ldl -laio -lcurl -lssl -lcrypto -std=gnu99 -ffast-math -include -O3 -fcommon -U_FORTIFY_SOURCE -march=native

Flexible IO Tester

Type: Sequential Write - Engine: IO_uring - Buffered: No - Direct: Yes - Block Size: 2MB - Disk Target: Default Test Directory

OpenBenchmarking.orgIOPS, More Is BetterFlexible IO Tester 3.25Type: Sequential Write - Engine: IO_uring - Buffered: No - Direct: Yes - Block Size: 2MB - Disk Target: Default Test DirectoryF2FSBtrfsEXT4XFS400800120016002000SE +/- 0.33, N = 3SE +/- 0.58, N = 3SE +/- 0.33, N = 3SE +/- 1.20, N = 316351633163416351. (CC) gcc options: -rdynamic -ll -lnuma -lrt -lz -lpthread -lm -ldl -laio -lcurl -lssl -lcrypto -std=gnu99 -ffast-math -include -O3 -fcommon -U_FORTIFY_SOURCE -march=native

FS-Mark

Test: 1000 Files, 1MB Size

OpenBenchmarking.orgFiles/s, More Is BetterFS-Mark 3.3Test: 1000 Files, 1MB SizeF2FSBtrfsEXT4XFS30060090012001500SE +/- 3.32, N = 3SE +/- 3.88, N = 3SE +/- 1.01, N = 3SE +/- 3.19, N = 31190.5872.2843.0827.21. (CC) gcc options: -static

FS-Mark

Test: 5000 Files, 1MB Size, 4 Threads

OpenBenchmarking.orgFiles/s, More Is BetterFS-Mark 3.3Test: 5000 Files, 1MB Size, 4 ThreadsF2FSBtrfsEXT4XFS5001000150020002500SE +/- 5.37, N = 3SE +/- 21.56, N = 3SE +/- 1.24, N = 3SE +/- 6.06, N = 32491.71841.01798.91774.51. (CC) gcc options: -static

FS-Mark

Test: 4000 Files, 32 Sub Dirs, 1MB Size

OpenBenchmarking.orgFiles/s, More Is BetterFS-Mark 3.3Test: 4000 Files, 32 Sub Dirs, 1MB SizeF2FSBtrfsEXT4XFS30060090012001500SE +/- 3.23, N = 3SE +/- 2.65, N = 3SE +/- 2.67, N = 3SE +/- 3.22, N = 31193.5859.2838.5829.41. (CC) gcc options: -static

Dbench

Client Count: 6

OpenBenchmarking.orgMB/s, More Is BetterDbench 4.0Client Count: 6F2FSBtrfsEXT4XFS7001400210028003500SE +/- 92.55, N = 9SE +/- 3.25, N = 3SE +/- 1.03, N = 3SE +/- 0.28, N = 33234.572005.652474.151751.811. (CC) gcc options: -lpopt -O2

IOR

Block Size: 16MB - Disk Target: Default Test Directory

OpenBenchmarking.orgMB/s, More Is BetterIOR 3.3.0Block Size: 16MB - Disk Target: Default Test DirectoryF2FSBtrfsEXT4XFS5001000150020002500SE +/- 9.96, N = 3SE +/- 10.10, N = 3SE +/- 6.33, N = 3SE +/- 32.57, N = 32291.222291.052091.142445.03MIN: 113.76 / MAX: 2903.3MIN: 1995.52 / MAX: 2735.91MIN: 1556.91 / MAX: 2551.17MIN: 1622.8 / MAX: 2902.791. (CC) gcc options: -O2 -lm -pthread -lmpi

MariaDB

Clients: 128

OpenBenchmarking.orgQueries Per Second, More Is BetterMariaDB 10.6.4Clients: 128F2FSBtrfsEXT4XFS2004006008001000SE +/- 6.47, N = 3SE +/- 2.40, N = 3SE +/- 3.45, N = 3SE +/- 0.70, N = 31081856103710251. (CXX) g++ options: -pie -fPIC -fstack-protector -O3 -pthread -lbz2 -lnuma -lpcre2-8 -lcrypt -laio -lz -lm -lssl -lcrypto -lpthread -ldl

MariaDB

Clients: 256

OpenBenchmarking.orgQueries Per Second, More Is BetterMariaDB 10.6.4Clients: 256F2FSBtrfsEXT4XFS2004006008001000SE +/- 6.13, N = 3SE +/- 3.04, N = 3SE +/- 9.68, N = 4SE +/- 10.40, N = 38417257917991. (CXX) g++ options: -pie -fPIC -fstack-protector -O3 -pthread -lbz2 -lnuma -lpcre2-8 -lcrypt -laio -lz -lm -lssl -lcrypto -lpthread -ldl

MariaDB

Clients: 512

OpenBenchmarking.orgQueries Per Second, More Is BetterMariaDB 10.6.4Clients: 512F2FSBtrfsEXT4XFS2004006008001000SE +/- 0.53, N = 3SE +/- 1.20, N = 3SE +/- 3.11, N = 3SE +/- 0.19, N = 37797067487511. (CXX) g++ options: -pie -fPIC -fstack-protector -O3 -pthread -lbz2 -lnuma -lpcre2-8 -lcrypt -laio -lz -lm -lssl -lcrypto -lpthread -ldl

PostgreSQL pgbench

Scaling Factor: 100 - Clients: 50 - Mode: Read Write

OpenBenchmarking.orgTPS, More Is BetterPostgreSQL pgbench 13.0Scaling Factor: 100 - Clients: 50 - Mode: Read WriteF2FSBtrfsEXT4XFS9K18K27K36K45KSE +/- 18.55, N = 3SE +/- 104.55, N = 3SE +/- 236.30, N = 3SE +/- 17.09, N = 3410832435641200416461. (CC) gcc options: -fno-strict-aliasing -fwrapv -O2 -lpgcommon -lpgport -lpq -lpthread -lrt -ldl -lm

PostgreSQL pgbench

Scaling Factor: 100 - Clients: 50 - Mode: Read Write - Average Latency

OpenBenchmarking.orgms, Fewer Is BetterPostgreSQL pgbench 13.0Scaling Factor: 100 - Clients: 50 - Mode: Read Write - Average LatencyF2FSBtrfsEXT4XFS0.46190.92381.38571.84762.3095SE +/- 0.001, N = 3SE +/- 0.009, N = 3SE +/- 0.007, N = 3SE +/- 0.000, N = 31.2172.0531.2141.2011. (CC) gcc options: -fno-strict-aliasing -fwrapv -O2 -lpgcommon -lpgport -lpq -lpthread -lrt -ldl -lm

PostgreSQL pgbench

Scaling Factor: 1000 - Clients: 50 - Mode: Read Only

OpenBenchmarking.orgTPS, More Is BetterPostgreSQL pgbench 13.0Scaling Factor: 1000 - Clients: 50 - Mode: Read OnlyF2FSBtrfsEXT4XFS70K140K210K280K350KSE +/- 3123.24, N = 12SE +/- 2881.18, N = 3SE +/- 802.68, N = 3SE +/- 1110.10, N = 32910113113793385993400831. (CC) gcc options: -fno-strict-aliasing -fwrapv -O2 -lpgcommon -lpgport -lpq -lpthread -lrt -ldl -lm

PostgreSQL pgbench

Scaling Factor: 1000 - Clients: 50 - Mode: Read Only - Average Latency

OpenBenchmarking.orgms, Fewer Is BetterPostgreSQL pgbench 13.0Scaling Factor: 1000 - Clients: 50 - Mode: Read Only - Average LatencyF2FSBtrfsEXT4XFS0.03870.07740.11610.15480.1935SE +/- 0.002, N = 12SE +/- 0.002, N = 3SE +/- 0.000, N = 3SE +/- 0.001, N = 30.1720.1610.1480.1471. (CC) gcc options: -fno-strict-aliasing -fwrapv -O2 -lpgcommon -lpgport -lpq -lpthread -lrt -ldl -lm

PostgreSQL pgbench

Scaling Factor: 1000 - Clients: 50 - Mode: Read Write

OpenBenchmarking.orgTPS, More Is BetterPostgreSQL pgbench 13.0Scaling Factor: 1000 - Clients: 50 - Mode: Read WriteF2FSBtrfsEXT4XFS8K16K24K32K40KSE +/- 78.62, N = 3SE +/- 101.55, N = 3SE +/- 1887.77, N = 9SE +/- 270.24, N = 11344392036129455370591. (CC) gcc options: -fno-strict-aliasing -fwrapv -O2 -lpgcommon -lpgport -lpq -lpthread -lrt -ldl -lm

PostgreSQL pgbench

Scaling Factor: 1000 - Clients: 50 - Mode: Read Write - Average Latency

OpenBenchmarking.orgms, Fewer Is BetterPostgreSQL pgbench 13.0Scaling Factor: 1000 - Clients: 50 - Mode: Read Write - Average LatencyF2FSBtrfsEXT4XFS0.55261.10521.65782.21042.763SE +/- 0.003, N = 3SE +/- 0.012, N = 3SE +/- 0.123, N = 9SE +/- 0.010, N = 111.4522.4561.7601.3501. (CC) gcc options: -fno-strict-aliasing -fwrapv -O2 -lpgcommon -lpgport -lpq -lpthread -lrt -ldl -lm

Phoronix Test Suite v10.8.4