Linux 5.14 SSD File-System Benchmarks Linux 5.14 kernel SSD file-system benchmarks on WD_BLACK SN850 NVMe solid-state drive. Benchmarks by Michael Larabel for a future article. F2FS: Processor: AMD Ryzen 9 5900X 12-Core @ 3.70GHz (12 Cores / 24 Threads), Motherboard: ASUS ROG CROSSHAIR VIII HERO (3501 BIOS), Chipset: AMD Starship/Matisse, Memory: 16GB, Disk: 1000GB Western Digital WD_BLACK SN850 1TB + 1000GB Western Digital WDS100T1X0E-00AFY0, Graphics: AMD DIMGREY_CAVEFISH 8GB (2900/1000MHz), Audio: AMD Device ab28, Monitor: ASUS VP28U, Network: Realtek RTL8125 2.5GbE + Intel I211 OS: Ubuntu 20.04, Kernel: 5.14.0-051400rc7-generic (x86_64) 20210822, Desktop: GNOME Shell 3.36.9, Display Server: X Server 1.20.11, OpenGL: 4.6 Mesa 21.3.0-devel (git-2b4b310 2021-08-21 focal-oibaf-ppa) (LLVM 12.0.1), Vulkan: 1.2.185, Compiler: GCC 9.3.0, File-System: f2fs, Screen Resolution: 3840x2160 Btrfs: Processor: AMD Ryzen 9 5900X 12-Core @ 3.70GHz (12 Cores / 24 Threads), Motherboard: ASUS ROG CROSSHAIR VIII HERO (3501 BIOS), Chipset: AMD Starship/Matisse, Memory: 16GB, Disk: 1000GB Western Digital WD_BLACK SN850 1TB + 1000GB Western Digital WDS100T1X0E-00AFY0, Graphics: AMD DIMGREY_CAVEFISH 8GB (2900/1000MHz), Audio: AMD Device ab28, Monitor: ASUS VP28U, Network: Realtek RTL8125 2.5GbE + Intel I211 OS: Ubuntu 20.04, Kernel: 5.14.0-051400rc7-generic (x86_64) 20210822, Desktop: GNOME Shell 3.36.9, Display Server: X Server 1.20.11, OpenGL: 4.6 Mesa 21.3.0-devel (git-2b4b310 2021-08-21 focal-oibaf-ppa) (LLVM 12.0.1), Vulkan: 1.2.185, Compiler: GCC 9.3.0, File-System: btrfs, Screen Resolution: 3840x2160 EXT4: Processor: AMD Ryzen 9 5900X 12-Core @ 3.70GHz (12 Cores / 24 Threads), Motherboard: ASUS ROG CROSSHAIR VIII HERO (3501 BIOS), Chipset: AMD Starship/Matisse, Memory: 16GB, Disk: 1000GB Western Digital WD_BLACK SN850 1TB + 1000GB Western Digital WDS100T1X0E-00AFY0, Graphics: AMD DIMGREY_CAVEFISH 8GB (2900/1000MHz), Audio: AMD Device ab28, Monitor: ASUS VP28U, Network: Realtek RTL8125 2.5GbE + Intel I211 OS: Ubuntu 20.04, Kernel: 5.14.0-051400rc7-generic (x86_64) 20210822, Desktop: GNOME Shell 3.36.9, Display Server: X Server 1.20.11, OpenGL: 4.6 Mesa 21.3.0-devel (git-2b4b310 2021-08-21 focal-oibaf-ppa) (LLVM 12.0.1), Vulkan: 1.2.185, Compiler: GCC 9.3.0, File-System: ext4, Screen Resolution: 3840x2160 XFS: Processor: AMD Ryzen 9 5900X 12-Core @ 3.70GHz (12 Cores / 24 Threads), Motherboard: ASUS ROG CROSSHAIR VIII HERO (3501 BIOS), Chipset: AMD Starship/Matisse, Memory: 16GB, Disk: 1000GB Western Digital WD_BLACK SN850 1TB + 1000GB Western Digital WDS100T1X0E-00AFY0, Graphics: AMD DIMGREY_CAVEFISH 8GB (2900/1000MHz), Audio: AMD Device ab28, Monitor: ASUS VP28U, Network: Realtek RTL8125 2.5GbE + Intel I211 OS: Ubuntu 20.04, Kernel: 5.14.0-051400rc7-generic (x86_64) 20210822, Desktop: GNOME Shell 3.36.9, Display Server: X Server 1.20.11, OpenGL: 4.6 Mesa 21.3.0-devel (git-2b4b310 2021-08-21 focal-oibaf-ppa) (LLVM 12.0.1), Vulkan: 1.2.185, Compiler: GCC 9.3.0, File-System: xfs, Screen Resolution: 3840x2160 SQLite 3.30.1 Threads / Copies: 1 Seconds < Lower Is Better F2FS .. 9.127 |=========================================== Btrfs . 13.385 |=============================================================== EXT4 .. 7.221 |================================== XFS ... 8.274 |======================================= SQLite 3.30.1 Threads / Copies: 8 Seconds < Lower Is Better F2FS .. 18.17 |============================== Btrfs . 24.35 |======================================== EXT4 .. 28.78 |=============================================== XFS ... 38.91 |================================================================ Flexible IO Tester 3.25 Type: Random Read - Engine: IO_uring - Buffered: No - Direct: Yes - Block Size: 4KB - Disk Target: Default Test Directory IOPS > Higher Is Better F2FS .. 753667 |============================================================== Btrfs . 554333 |============================================== EXT4 .. 760000 |=============================================================== XFS ... 755667 |=============================================================== Flexible IO Tester 3.25 Type: Random Write - Engine: IO_uring - Buffered: No - Direct: Yes - Block Size: 4KB - Disk Target: Default Test Directory IOPS > Higher Is Better F2FS .. 285000 |========================= Btrfs . 143333 |============= EXT4 .. 712000 |=============================================================== XFS ... 715667 |=============================================================== Flexible IO Tester 3.25 Type: Sequential Read - Engine: IO_uring - Buffered: No - Direct: Yes - Block Size: 2MB - Disk Target: Default Test Directory MB/s > Higher Is Better F2FS .. 3591 |================================================================= Btrfs . 3253 |=========================================================== EXT4 .. 3591 |================================================================= XFS ... 3593 |================================================================= Flexible IO Tester 3.25 Type: Sequential Write - Engine: IO_uring - Buffered: No - Direct: Yes - Block Size: 2MB - Disk Target: Default Test Directory IOPS > Higher Is Better F2FS .. 1635 |================================================================= Btrfs . 1633 |================================================================= EXT4 .. 1634 |================================================================= XFS ... 1635 |================================================================= FS-Mark 3.3 Test: 1000 Files, 1MB Size Files/s > Higher Is Better F2FS .. 1190.5 |=============================================================== Btrfs . 872.2 |============================================== EXT4 .. 843.0 |============================================= XFS ... 827.2 |============================================ FS-Mark 3.3 Test: 5000 Files, 1MB Size, 4 Threads Files/s > Higher Is Better F2FS .. 2491.7 |=============================================================== Btrfs . 1841.0 |=============================================== EXT4 .. 1798.9 |============================================= XFS ... 1774.5 |============================================= FS-Mark 3.3 Test: 4000 Files, 32 Sub Dirs, 1MB Size Files/s > Higher Is Better F2FS .. 1193.5 |=============================================================== Btrfs . 859.2 |============================================= EXT4 .. 838.5 |============================================ XFS ... 829.4 |============================================ Dbench 4.0 Client Count: 6 MB/s > Higher Is Better F2FS .. 3234.57 |============================================================== Btrfs . 2005.65 |====================================== EXT4 .. 2474.15 |=============================================== XFS ... 1751.81 |================================== IOR 3.3.0 Block Size: 16MB - Disk Target: Default Test Directory MB/s > Higher Is Better F2FS .. 2291.22 |========================================================== Btrfs . 2291.05 |========================================================== EXT4 .. 2091.14 |===================================================== XFS ... 2445.03 |============================================================== MariaDB 10.6.4 Clients: 128 Queries Per Second > Higher Is Better F2FS .. 1081 |================================================================= Btrfs . 856 |=================================================== EXT4 .. 1037 |============================================================== XFS ... 1025 |============================================================== MariaDB 10.6.4 Clients: 256 Queries Per Second > Higher Is Better F2FS .. 841 |================================================================== Btrfs . 725 |========================================================= EXT4 .. 791 |============================================================== XFS ... 799 |=============================================================== MariaDB 10.6.4 Clients: 512 Queries Per Second > Higher Is Better F2FS .. 779 |================================================================== Btrfs . 706 |============================================================ EXT4 .. 748 |=============================================================== XFS ... 751 |================================================================ PostgreSQL pgbench 13.0 Scaling Factor: 100 - Clients: 50 - Mode: Read Write TPS > Higher Is Better F2FS .. 41083 |=============================================================== Btrfs . 24356 |===================================== EXT4 .. 41200 |=============================================================== XFS ... 41646 |================================================================ PostgreSQL pgbench 13.0 Scaling Factor: 100 - Clients: 50 - Mode: Read Write - Average Latency ms < Lower Is Better F2FS .. 1.217 |====================================== Btrfs . 2.053 |================================================================ EXT4 .. 1.214 |====================================== XFS ... 1.201 |===================================== PostgreSQL pgbench 13.0 Scaling Factor: 1000 - Clients: 50 - Mode: Read Only TPS > Higher Is Better F2FS .. 291011 |====================================================== Btrfs . 311379 |========================================================== EXT4 .. 338599 |=============================================================== XFS ... 340083 |=============================================================== PostgreSQL pgbench 13.0 Scaling Factor: 1000 - Clients: 50 - Mode: Read Only - Average Latency ms < Lower Is Better F2FS .. 0.172 |================================================================ Btrfs . 0.161 |============================================================ EXT4 .. 0.148 |======================================================= XFS ... 0.147 |======================================================= PostgreSQL pgbench 13.0 Scaling Factor: 1000 - Clients: 50 - Mode: Read Write TPS > Higher Is Better F2FS .. 34439 |=========================================================== Btrfs . 20361 |=================================== EXT4 .. 29455 |=================================================== XFS ... 37059 |================================================================ PostgreSQL pgbench 13.0 Scaling Factor: 1000 - Clients: 50 - Mode: Read Write - Average Latency ms < Lower Is Better F2FS .. 1.452 |====================================== Btrfs . 2.456 |================================================================ EXT4 .. 1.760 |============================================== XFS ... 1.350 |===================================